Mobile Programming Concepts Quiz Sixth Semester

Unit -1 Introduction to Mobile and Mobile Programming [2 HRS]

Unit 1: Introduction to Mobile and Mobile Programming (2 HRS)

Overview

This unit serves as an introduction to the field of mobile devices and mobile programming. It covers the basic concepts of mobile devices, including their features, categories, history, and platforms, and provides an insight into mobile programming—the process of developing applications for mobile platforms.

Mobile Devices: Features, Categories, History, Brands, Models, and Platforms

Features of Mobile Devices

Mobile devices have evolved significantly over the years, and their features vary depending on the type and model. The essential features of most modern mobile devices include:

Portability: Mobile devices are lightweight, small in size, and easy to carry, making them ideal for communication and computing on the go.
Touchscreen Interface: The touchscreen is the primary input method on most mobile devices, replacing physical buttons with gesture-based control like tapping, swiping, and pinching.
Wireless Connectivity: Mobile devices support various wireless technologies, including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular networks (3G, 4G, and 5G), allowing users to stay connected to the internet and other devices without cables.
Camera: Integrated cameras are common in modern mobile devices, providing functionalities for photography, video recording, and even facial recognition.
Sensors: Many mobile devices come with sensors like accelerometers, gyroscopes, GPS, ambient light sensors, and proximity sensors, which enable functionalities like location tracking, orientation detection, and adaptive brightness.
Multimedia Support: Mobile devices often support multimedia functions such as video playback, music, gaming, and augmented reality (AR) experiences.
Battery Life: Mobile devices are designed to be energy-efficient, with a focus on maximizing battery life while supporting a wide range of features.

Categories of Mobile Devices

Mobile devices can be classified into different categories based on their functionality, design, and target audience. The major categories include:

Smartphones: These are advanced mobile devices that support internet browsing, apps, multimedia, and extensive customization. Examples include the Apple iPhone, Samsung Galaxy, and Google Pixel.
Tablets: Larger than smartphones, tablets typically offer similar functionalities but with a larger display. They are primarily used for browsing, media consumption, gaming, and productivity. Popular tablets include the Apple iPad and Samsung Galaxy Tab.
Feature Phones: These are basic mobile phones designed mainly for calling and texting, without the advanced features of smartphones. They may support limited web browsing and have basic cameras.
Wearables: Devices like smartwatches (e.g., Apple Watch, Fitbit) that are worn on the body. They are designed to provide real-time information, fitness tracking, notifications, and sometimes standalone apps.
Phablets: A hybrid between smartphones and tablets, phablets have larger screens (typically between 5.5 to 7 inches) and offer the portability of smartphones with the larger display of tablets. Examples include the Samsung Galaxy Note series.

History of Mobile Devices

The history of mobile devices can be traced back several decades, with significant milestones along the way:

Pre-1990s - The Early Years:
- Early mobile phones were large, bulky, and designed mainly for voice calls.
- The first handheld mobile phone was introduced by Motorola in 1973, which was a large device that weighed around 2.5 kg and offered only basic voice communication.
1990s - The Rise of Mobile Phones:
- Mobile phones started becoming more compact and affordable in the 1990s, with companies like Nokia, Ericsson, and Motorola leading the market.
- The introduction of SMS (Short Message Service) or text messaging revolutionized the way people communicated.
Early 2000s - The Rise of Smartphones:
- The advent of BlackBerry and Palm saw the introduction of mobile devices that combined the functionality of a phone with an email client and PDA (Personal Digital Assistant).
- In 2007, Apple launched the first iPhone, a revolutionary device that combined a touchscreen, multi-touch technology, and mobile internet connectivity, setting the foundation for modern smartphones.
2010s - Mobile Computing:
- With the launch of Android and iOS, mobile devices became even more advanced, supporting a wide range of applications (apps) and services.
- Google Android OS became the dominant mobile platform worldwide, with multiple device manufacturers adopting it, including Samsung, LG, Huawei, and others.
- Apple’s iOS also grew rapidly, with the iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch leading the consumer electronics market.
2020s - 5G and Beyond:
- The introduction of 5G networks promises faster data speeds and enhanced mobile experiences, including more immersive applications like Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR), and real-time gaming.
- Wearable devices like smartwatches, fitness trackers, and smart glasses are becoming increasingly popular.

Brands and Models of Mobile Devices

There are several brands in the mobile device industry that offer a variety of devices catering to different market segments. Key players include:

Apple: Known for its premium products such as the iPhone, iPad, Apple Watch, and MacBook.
Samsung: A major player in the mobile market, offering a wide range of devices from budget to high-end smartphones (e.g., Galaxy S series, Galaxy Note series, Galaxy Z Fold).
Huawei: Known for P Series, Mate Series, and Honor smartphones.
Google: Developers of the Pixel series of smartphones that showcase the latest Android features.
Xiaomi: Offers budget-friendly smartphones, as well as premium devices like the Mi series and Redmi series.
OnePlus: Known for its performance-oriented smartphones with the OnePlus series.
Sony: Makers of Xperia devices, which offer high-quality screens and cameras.
Nokia: A classic brand, now offering Android-based smartphones and feature phones.

Mobile Platforms

Mobile platforms, also known as mobile operating systems (OS), provide the software framework for running applications and managing device hardware. The major mobile platforms include:

Android:
- Developed by Google, Android is the most widely used mobile platform, with millions of devices running the OS across different manufacturers like Samsung, Huawei, Xiaomi, and more.
- Android is open-source, which means that developers can access and customize the OS for their needs.
iOS:
- Developed by Apple, iOS is a closed-source platform exclusive to Apple devices (iPhone, iPad, iPod).
- Known for its smooth user experience, security, and high-quality apps in the App Store.
Windows Phone (Discontinued):
- Microsoft's Windows Phone was once a strong competitor but was discontinued in favor of its focus on other mobile platforms.
Other Platforms:
- Other platforms include Tizen (by Samsung), KaiOS, and HarmonyOS (by Huawei), though they have relatively smaller user bases compared to Android and iOS.

Introduction to Mobile Programming

What is Mobile Programming?

Mobile programming refers to the practice of creating software applications that run on mobile devices like smartphones, tablets, and wearables. Mobile programming is distinct from traditional desktop programming due to the unique characteristics of mobile devices, such as limited screen sizes, varied hardware configurations, and different user input methods (e.g., touch, voice).

Mobile apps are typically developed to run on specific mobile operating systems such as Android and iOS. The development environment, tools, and programming languages vary based on the platform.

Mobile Programming Tools and Languages

Android Development:
- Languages: Primarily Java and Kotlin for Android apps.
- Tools: Android Studio, Eclipse, and IntelliJ IDEA.
- SDK: Android SDK, which includes libraries and tools for building Android applications.
iOS Development:
- Languages: Objective-C and Swift for iOS apps.
- Tools: Xcode is the primary development environment for iOS.
- SDK: iOS SDK, which includes libraries, APIs, and other tools for building iOS apps.
Cross-Platform Development:
- Technologies like Flutter, React Native, and Xamarin allow developers to write code once and deploy it on both Android and iOS devices, reducing development time and effort.
- These platforms use languages like Dart (for Flutter) and JavaScript (for React Native).

Mobile Programming Concepts

User Interface Design: Mobile app development often involves designing user interfaces (UI) that are optimized for small screens and touch-based interactions.
Activity and Fragment: These components form the building blocks of mobile apps on Android. Activities handle user interactions, and fragments allow flexible UI designs.
Data Management: Mobile apps often need to store data locally (e.g., using SQLite for Android) or interact with remote servers to fetch or send data (e.g., using

APIs and network protocols).

Hardware Integration: Mobile programming often requires integrating features like GPS, camera, accelerometer, etc., into applications.
App Lifecycle: Mobile apps go through various stages, such as launching, pausing, resuming, and stopping, which need to be handled correctly to ensure the app functions smoothly.

Conclusion

This unit provides a foundational understanding of mobile devices, their features, and the platforms that support them. It also introduces mobile programming, which is critical for building applications that leverage the unique capabilities of mobile devices. With mobile technology continuously evolving, this unit equips you with the basic knowledge to understand the mobile development landscape and prepare for more advanced topics in mobile programming.

Unit -2 Introduction to Android Programming [4 HRS]

Unit 2: Introduction to Android Programming (4 HRS)

Overview

This unit introduces Android Programming, covering key concepts like the Android platform, its history, setting up the development environment, creating an Android project, laying out the user interface (UI), and running applications on the Android emulator. It provides the foundational knowledge required to begin developing Android apps, from understanding Android's evolution to mastering the development environment and UI components.

Android Platform

The Android platform is an open-source mobile operating system primarily developed by Google. It powers a wide range of mobile devices, including smartphones, tablets, and wearables. The Android platform is based on the Linux kernel and includes various components, such as the Android operating system, application framework, and applications.

Key Features of Android Platform:

Open-Source: Android is open-source software, meaning anyone can modify and distribute it, making it highly customizable.
Cross-Platform: Android supports a wide variety of hardware devices from different manufacturers, such as Samsung, Nokia, Huawei, and Xiaomi.
Google Play Store: Android provides access to the Google Play Store, the largest app marketplace where developers can publish and users can download apps.
Multitasking: Android allows apps to run concurrently in the background (e.g., music playing while using a different app).
Rich User Interface (UI): Android offers a variety of tools and components to build rich, interactive UIs, including layouts, views, and animations.
Integrated Google Services: Android integrates Google services like Google Maps, Google Drive, Google Cloud, and others.

History of Android

Android was originally developed by Android Inc., founded by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and Chris White in 2003. It was initially intended as an operating system for digital cameras but later shifted to the mobile phone market due to the growth of smartphones.

2005: Google acquired Android Inc. to use it for mobile phones. The goal was to create an open-source alternative to the mobile operating systems at that time, like Symbian and Windows Mobile.
2008: The first Android-powered device, the T-Mobile G1, was launched, which marked the official release of Android as a mobile platform.
2010-2012: Android rapidly gained popularity, with numerous updates and releases (Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, FroYo, Gingerbread, Honeycomb).
2014: Android Lollipop brought significant changes in the user interface with Material Design.
Recent Versions: Over the years, Android has seen continuous evolution with newer versions like Marshmallow, Nougat, Oreo, Pie, Android 10, Android 11, Android 12, and the latest versions Android 13 and Android 14.
Google's Vision: Android has transformed from a mobile operating system to a platform that also powers devices like smart TVs, smartwatches, and cars (via Android TV, Wear OS, and Android Auto).

Setting Up the Development Environment

To start developing Android applications, the first step is to set up the Android development environment. This includes installing the necessary tools and SDKs (Software Development Kits) that will allow you to build, test, and run Android apps.

Steps to Set Up the Android Development Environment:

Install Java Development Kit (JDK):
- Android development requires the Java Development Kit. Install the latest version of JDK from Oracle or OpenJDK.
Download and Install Android Studio:
- Android Studio is the official Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for Android development. It includes all the tools needed for building Android apps.
- Download Android Studio from the official site (https://developer.android.com/studio) and follow the installation instructions for your operating system (Windows, macOS, or Linux).
Install Android SDK:
- The Android SDK (Software Development Kit) contains the necessary libraries and tools to develop Android applications. Android Studio typically installs the SDK automatically, but you may need to configure it during the first run.
Set Up Emulator or Device:
- Emulator: Android Studio provides an emulator to run and test Android apps. Set up an Android Virtual Device (AVD) using the AVD Manager in Android Studio.
- Real Device: Alternatively, you can connect a physical Android device using a USB cable and enable Developer Options and USB Debugging on the device.

Creating an Android Project

Once the development environment is set up, you can begin creating your first Android project. The steps to create a new project are as follows:

Open Android Studio: Launch Android Studio and click on "Start a new Android Studio project."
Choose a Template: Android Studio provides different project templates to get started quickly, such as Basic Activity, Empty Activity, Navigation Drawer Activity, etc. Choose Empty Activity for a basic project setup.
Configure the Project:
- Name: Give your project a name (e.g., "MyFirstApp").
- Package Name: The package name is a unique identifier for your app, typically in the reverse domain format (e.g., com.example.myfirstapp).
- Save Location: Select where you want to save your project.
- Language: Choose either Java or Kotlin (the official language for Android development). Kotlin is recommended as it is more modern and concise.
- Minimum SDK: Choose the minimum Android version required to run your app. This determines the compatibility of your app with different devices.
Click Finish: Android Studio will create the project with the default setup, including a simple MainActivity that serves as the main screen of your app.

Laying Out the User Interface (UI)

One of the most important aspects of Android app development is designing the user interface. The UI defines how users interact with the app, and Android provides several tools and components to create it.

The View Hierarchy:

Views: A view is a UI component such as buttons, text fields, images, etc. Views are elements that are drawn on the screen.
View Groups: A view group is a container that holds and organizes views. Examples include LinearLayout, RelativeLayout, ConstraintLayout, etc.
Layout: The layout is the structure that defines how views and view groups are arranged on the screen.

Creating String Resources:

In Android, text like labels, messages, and titles should be stored in string resources rather than being hardcoded in the layout files. This promotes localization and reusability.
Strings are stored in the res/values/strings.xml file.

Example:

<resources>
    <string name="app_name">MyFirstApp</string>
    <string name="hello_world">Hello, Android!</string>
</resources>

Previewing the Layout:

Android Studio provides a Layout Editor that helps you visually design your UI by dragging and dropping elements. It also allows you to preview how your UI will look on different devices.
You can switch between Design view and Text view (XML) to modify the layout.

Creating a New Class

In Android, creating classes is essential to handle different functionalities. For instance, the MainActivity class handles user interactions and controls the app’s UI.

Steps to Create a New Class:

Create a New Java or Kotlin Class: Right-click on the src folder, select New > Java Class (or Kotlin Class), and name your class (e.g., UserProfile).
Define the Class: Add fields and methods to your class as required. For example, in the MainActivity class, you will define how your UI reacts to button clicks and other events.

Example (Java):

public class UserProfile {
    private String name;
    private String email;

    public UserProfile(String name, String email) {
        this.name = name;
        this.email = email;
    }

    // Getter and Setter methods
}

Running on the Emulator

Once the project and UI are set up, it's time to test the app. Android Studio provides an emulator to run and debug your app.

Steps to Run on the Emulator:

Set Up an AVD: Open the AVD Manager in Android Studio and create a new Android Virtual Device (AVD). You can choose a device model (e.g., Pixel 4) and Android version (e.g., Android 12).
Launch the Emulator: After setting up the AVD, click on the Run button in Android Studio to launch the app on the emulator.
Test the App: The app will be installed on the emulator, and you can interact with it just like a real device. You can test UI interactions, navigation, and other features.

Conclusion

In this unit, you have learned the basics of Android programming, including the history of Android,

setting up the development environment, creating Android projects, designing UIs, and testing apps on an emulator. This foundation prepares you for more advanced Android development topics, such as using APIs, integrating databases, and optimizing app performance.

Unit -3 Designing the User Interface [5 HRS]

Unit 3: Designing the User Interface (5 HRS)

Overview

In this unit, we will focus on the essential concepts and tools required for designing a user interface (UI) in Android. It covers the different layout types, common Android widgets, how to handle events such as user interactions, and how to manage resources such as strings, colors, and drawables. Understanding how to use these tools will help you create functional and visually appealing Android applications.

Android Layout Types

Android layouts define how UI components (views and view groups) are arranged on the screen. There are several types of layouts in Android, each suitable for different use cases. Below are the common Android layout types:

LinearLayout:
- Definition: In a LinearLayout, all child views are arranged in a single row (horizontally) or column (vertically). It is one of the most commonly used layout types.
- Key Attributes:
  - android:orientation: Specifies whether the children should be arranged vertically (vertical) or horizontally (horizontal).
  - android:weightSum: Specifies the sum of all child view weights (used for distributing available space).
- Example:
```
<LinearLayout
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:orientation="vertical">
    <TextView android:text="Hello World!" />
    <Button android:text="Click Me" />
</LinearLayout>
```
RelativeLayout:
- Definition: In a RelativeLayout, views can be positioned relative to each other using attributes like android:layout_below, android:layout_alignParentLeft, etc. This layout allows flexible positioning of UI elements.
- Key Attributes:
  - android:layout_alignParentTop, android:layout_centerInParent, android:layout_below: These attributes define the position of the views relative to others.
- Example:
```
<RelativeLayout
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content">
    <Button android:id="@+id/button" android:text="Click Me" />
    <TextView
        android:text="Hello"
        android:layout_below="@id/button" />
</RelativeLayout>
```

TableLayout:

Definition: A TableLayout organizes its children into rows and columns, similar to an HTML table. It is ideal for building forms and other grid-like UI structures.
Key Attributes:
- android:stretchColumns: Specifies which columns should stretch to fill the space.
- android:layout_column: Assigns views to specific columns in a table row.

Example:

<TableLayout
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content">
    <TableRow>
        <TextView android:text="Name" />
        <EditText android:layout_width="0dp" android:layout_weight="1" />
    </TableRow>
    <TableRow>
        <TextView android:text="Email" />
        <EditText android:layout_width="0dp" android:layout_weight="1" />
    </TableRow>
</TableLayout>

AbsoluteLayout (Deprecated):
- Definition: An AbsoluteLayout allows you to position views at specific coordinates (x, y). However, this layout is deprecated as it does not adapt well to different screen sizes and densities.
- Example:
```
<AbsoluteLayout
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent">
    <Button
        android:text="Click Me"
        android:layout_x="50dp"
        android:layout_y="100dp" />
</AbsoluteLayout>
```
- Note: It's recommended to use other layout types like ConstraintLayout instead of AbsoluteLayout.
ConstraintLayout:
- Definition: ConstraintLayout is a powerful and flexible layout that allows you to position and size views relative to other views and to the parent container. It is recommended for modern Android UI designs due to its flexibility and performance.
- Key Attributes:
  - app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf: Defines constraints between views and parent layout or other views.
  - app:layout_constraintWidth_percent: Specifies the percentage of the available width.
- Example:
```
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content">
    <Button
        android:id="@+id/button"
        android:text="Click Me"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintLeft_toLeftOf="parent"/>
</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>
```

Layout Attributes

Layout attributes control the size and positioning of the UI elements in a layout. Below are some important layout attributes:

android:layout_width and android:layout_height:
- These specify the width and height of a view. Common values include match_parent, wrap_content, or a fixed value like 200dp.
android:padding and android:margin:
- padding adds space inside a view (between the view's content and its borders).
- margin adds space outside the view, separating it from other views or the parent layout.
android:layout_gravity:
- This specifies how a child view is aligned within its parent. For example, android:layout_gravity="center" centers the view within the parent.
android:layout_weight (used in LinearLayout):
- This distributes available space proportionally among views. Views with larger layout_weight values take up more space.

Android Widgets

Widgets are the basic UI components in Android that allow users to interact with the app. Below are some commonly used widgets and their attributes:

TextView:

Definition: A TextView is used to display text in the UI.
Key Attributes: android:text, android:textSize, android:textColor, android:gravity (e.g., center, left).

Example:

<TextView
    android:id="@+id/textView"
    android:layout_width="wrap_content"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:text="Hello, World!"
    android:textSize="18sp"
    android:textColor="#000000"/>

EditText:
- Definition: An EditText is a widget used for user input, such as entering text in forms.
- Key Attributes: android:hint, android:inputType (e.g., text, number, phone), android:maxLength.
- Example:
```
<EditText
    android:id="@+id/editText"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:hint="Enter your name"
    android:inputType="text"/>
```

Checkbox:

Definition: A Checkbox allows users to select or deselect an option.
Key Attributes: android:text, android:checked.

Example:

<CheckBox
    android:id="@+id/checkBox"
    android:layout_width="wrap_content"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:text="I agree to the terms"
    android:checked="false"/>

RadioButton:

Definition: A RadioButton is used for single-option selections in a group of radio buttons.
Key Attributes: android:text, android:checked.

Example:

<RadioButton
    android:id="@+id/radioButton"
    android:layout_width="wrap_content"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:text="Option 1"
    android:checked="true"/>

Spinner:
- Definition: A Spinner is used to display a dropdown list of options.
- Key Attributes: android:entries (for the list of items), android:spinnerMode (e.g., dialog for a dialog-style spinner).
- Example:
```
<Spinner
    android:id="@+id/spinner"
    android:layout_width="wrap_content"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:entries="@array/array_options"/>
```

Event Handling

Event handling in Android refers to responding to user interactions with UI elements (like clicking buttons or entering text). You can set event listeners for different actions such as onClick, onTouch, onFocus, etc.

Setting up an Event Listener:
- Button onClick: You can use the android:onClick attribute in XML to set an event listener for button clicks.
- Example:
```
<Button
    android:id="@+id/button"
    android:text="Submit"
    android:onClick="submitForm"/>
```

. Handling Click Events Programmatically:

Button button = findViewById(R.id.button);
button.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
    @Override
    public void onClick(View view) {
        // Handle the click event
    }
});

Working with Resources

Resources such as strings, arrays, colors, and drawables are stored in the res/ directory. These resources allow your app to support different languages, colors, and layouts.

String Resources:
- Store all text data in res/values/strings.xml.
- Example:
```
<string name="app_name">MyApp</string>
```
Color Resources:
- Store colors in res/values/colors.xml.
- Example:
```
<color name="primary_color">#FF0000</color>
```
Drawable Resources:
- Store images and other graphic resources in res/drawable/.
- Example:
```
<ImageView
    android:src="@drawable/icon" />
```
Adding an Icon to the Project:
- You can add an icon image to the res/drawable/ folder and reference it in your layout XML or code.

Conclusion

Designing a user interface in Android involves understanding layouts, widgets, and handling user events. Mastering these concepts will enable you to create dynamic and responsive Android applications. Additionally, working with resources ensures that your app can be easily localized and styled. The knowledge gained in this unit provides a strong foundation for building interactive and visually appealing mobile apps.

Unit -4 Android Activity [4 HRS]

Unit 4: Android Activity (4 HRS)

Overview

In Android, an Activity represents a single screen with a user interface. It serves as the entry point for interacting with the user, managing the user interface, and handling user inputs. Understanding how to create, manage, and connect activities is fundamental in building multi-screen Android applications. This unit covers the Activity Lifecycle, creating multiple activities, declaring activities in the manifest, using intents for inter-activity communication, passing data between activities, and handling results from child activities.

1. Activity Lifecycle

An Activity goes through a series of states during its existence. The Activity Lifecycle defines the different stages an activity goes through, from when it is created until it is destroyed. Understanding the activity lifecycle is essential for proper memory management, resource utilization, and user experience.

Common Activity States:

onCreate(): This method is called when the activity is first created. It is used for initialization, such as setting up the UI and binding data.
onStart(): Called when the activity becomes visible to the user, but it is not yet in the foreground.
onResume(): Called when the activity is in the foreground and interacting with the user.
onPause(): Called when the activity is partially obscured by another activity (but not destroyed). You can save data or pause ongoing operations here.
onStop(): Called when the activity is no longer visible to the user. This is where you should release resources like media players or database connections.
onRestart(): Called when the activity is restarting after being stopped. This happens before onStart().
onDestroy(): Called when the activity is being destroyed. This is where you should release any resources that are no longer needed.

Activity Lifecycle Diagram:

onCreate() --> onStart() --> onResume() --> onPause() --> onStop() --> onRestart() --> onStart() --> onResume()
(onDestroy() is called when the activity is permanently destroyed)

Example:

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
    setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
    // Initialize UI elements or other resources here
}

@Override
protected void onStart() {
    super.onStart();
    // Activity becomes visible
}

@Override
protected void onResume() {
    super.onResume();
    // Activity is in the foreground
}

@Override
protected void onPause() {
    super.onPause();
    // Pause processes or save data
}

@Override
protected void onStop() {
    super.onStop();
    // Release resources
}

@Override
protected void onDestroy() {
    super.onDestroy();
    // Clean up resources
}

2. Creating Multiple Activities

To create multiple activities in an Android app, you define each activity as a Java class that extends Activity or AppCompatActivity. You can then switch between activities based on user interaction or other triggers.

Steps to Create an Activity:

Create a new Activity: Create a new Java class and extend Activity or AppCompatActivity.
Define the layout: Use setContentView() in the onCreate() method to associate the layout file.
Declare the activity in the AndroidManifest.xml: Every activity must be declared in the AndroidManifest.xml file to be part of the application.

Example:

public class SecondActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_second);
    }
}

Declare Activity in AndroidManifest.xml:

<activity android:name=".SecondActivity">
    <!-- Optional: Set the launch mode, theme, etc. -->
</activity>

3. Declaring Activities in the Manifest

Every activity in an Android application must be registered in the AndroidManifest.xml file. This file contains the configuration for the entire app, including its components (activities, services, etc.).

Syntax to Declare an Activity:

<activity android:name=".SecondActivity">
    <!-- Optional configurations (intent filters, launch mode, etc.) -->
</activity>

If you want to define the launch activity (the activity that starts when the app is launched), you use the <intent-filter> tag in the manifest:

<activity android:name=".MainActivity">
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
        <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
    </intent-filter>
</activity>

4. Connecting Activities with Intents

An Intent is a message object used to request an action from another component (like starting an activity). You can use explicit intents to connect specific activities, or implicit intents to request any activity that can handle a certain action (like opening a URL).

Explicit Intent Example:

An explicit intent specifies the component (activity) to start by its class name.

Intent intent = new Intent(MainActivity.this, SecondActivity.class);
startActivity(intent);

Implicit Intent Example:

An implicit intent doesn't specify the exact activity but instead asks the system to find an appropriate one.

Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW, Uri.parse("https://www.example.com"));
startActivity(intent);

5. Passing Data Between Activities

You can pass data from one activity to another using Intents. The data is added to the Intent as Extras. Data can be passed using key-value pairs.

Passing Data (Put Extra):

Intent intent = new Intent(MainActivity.this, SecondActivity.class);
intent.putExtra("KEY_NAME", "John Doe");
startActivity(intent);

Retrieving Data (Get Extra):

String name = getIntent().getStringExtra("KEY_NAME");
TextView textView = findViewById(R.id.textView);
textView.setText(name);

6. Getting a Result Back from a Child Activity

Sometimes, you need to get data back from an activity that you started. You can use the startActivityForResult() method and handle the result in the onActivityResult() method.

Starting an Activity for Result:

Intent intent = new Intent(MainActivity.this, SecondActivity.class);
startActivityForResult(intent, REQUEST_CODE);

Handling the Result:

Override the onActivityResult() method to capture the result.

@Override
protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data) {
    super.onActivityResult(requestCode, resultCode, data);
    if (requestCode == REQUEST_CODE && resultCode == RESULT_OK) {
        String result = data.getStringExtra("RESULT_KEY");
        // Use the result here
    }
}

Setting the Result in the Child Activity:

In the child activity, set the result before finishing.

Intent resultIntent = new Intent();
resultIntent.putExtra("RESULT_KEY", "Some Data");
setResult(RESULT_OK, resultIntent);
finish();

7. Getting and Setting Data to/from the Layout File

Android provides a way to interact with the UI elements of the activity layout (XML file) programmatically using their IDs. These IDs are defined in the XML layout file and are accessed via the findViewById() method.

Example of Getting Data from the Layout:

To get data entered by the user in a EditText:

EditText editText = findViewById(R.id.editText);
String userInput = editText.getText().toString();

Setting Data to the Layout:

You can also modify the contents of the UI elements like TextView, Button, etc.

TextView textView = findViewById(R.id.textView);
textView.setText("Hello, World!");

Example:

Consider an EditText and a Button in your layout, where the user can enter some text and click the button to pass it to another activity.

activity_main.xml:

<EditText
    android:id="@+id/editText"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:hint="Enter some text"/>

<Button
    android:id="@+id/button"
    android:layout_width="wrap_content"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:text="Go to Next Activity"/>

MainActivity.java:

Button button = findViewById(R.id.button);
EditText editText = findViewById(R.id.editText);

button.setOnClickListener(v -> {
    String inputText = editText.getText().toString();
    Intent intent = new Intent(MainActivity.this, SecondActivity.class);
    intent.putExtra("USER_INPUT", inputText);
    startActivity(intent);
});

Conclusion

Activities form the backbone of Android applications, serving as the primary interface for interacting with the user. Mastering the activity lifecycle ensures proper management of app resources. Understanding how to declare activities, connect them with intents, pass data, and handle results is crucial for developing multi-screen applications. Additionally, setting and getting data from the layout allows for dynamic interaction with the user interface. This unit provides the necessary knowledge to handle user interactions across multiple screens in an Android app efficiently.

Unit -5 UI Fragments, Menus and Dialogs [6 HRS]

Unit 5: UI Fragments, Menus, and Dialogs (6 HRS)

This unit focuses on three essential topics in Android UI development: Fragments, Menus, and Dialogs. Each of these components provides flexibility in creating dynamic and interactive mobile applications. Understanding how to use them properly will allow you to build responsive, user-friendly Android applications with multiple views, menu options, and pop-up dialogs.

1. The Need for UI Flexibility

As Android devices come in various screen sizes, orientations, and resolutions, it is essential to have flexible UI components that adapt to different devices. This is where Fragments come in. Fragments enable modular and flexible UI components, allowing portions of the UI to be reused across different activities or devices. They allow developers to create applications with dynamic user interfaces that can adjust to varying screen sizes, particularly useful for tablets and phones.

2. Introduction to Fragments

A Fragment is a modular section of an activity that has its own lifecycle, user interface, and behavior. Fragments allow you to break down a complex activity into smaller, reusable components, providing better organization and management of the user interface. For example, a Fragment could represent a list of items, a map view, or even a simple button panel.

Key Benefits of Fragments:

Reusable UI components
Modularization of complex UI
Support for multi-pane UI (especially on larger screens)
Better management of lifecycle events in a flexible way

3. Lifecycle of a Fragment

Fragments have their own lifecycle, which is closely related to the activity they belong to. However, the fragment lifecycle operates independently to some extent, allowing it to manage its resources and interactions with the activity.

Fragment Lifecycle Methods:

onAttach(): Called when the fragment is first attached to the activity.
onCreate(): Called to initialize the fragment.
onCreateView(): Called to inflate the fragment's layout.
onActivityCreated(): Called when the activity’s onCreate() method has completed.
onStart(): Called when the fragment becomes visible.
onResume(): Called when the fragment is ready to interact with the user.
onPause(): Called when the fragment is no longer interacting with the user.
onStop(): Called when the fragment is no longer visible.
onDestroyView(): Called to clean up resources related to the fragment’s UI.
onDestroy(): Called when the fragment is being destroyed.
onDetach(): Called when the fragment is detached from its activity.

Fragment Lifecycle Diagram:

onAttach() --> onCreate() --> onCreateView() --> onActivityCreated() --> onStart() --> onResume() --> onPause() --> onStop() --> onDestroyView() --> onDestroy() --> onDetach()

4. Creating a UI Fragment

A UI Fragment typically has its own layout and UI components, similar to an activity. To create a fragment, you need to define it as a subclass of Fragment and override key lifecycle methods such as onCreateView() to inflate the fragment’s UI.

Steps to Create a Fragment:

Define the Fragment Class: Extend the Fragment class and override the onCreateView() method to define the UI layout.
Add the Fragment to an Activity: Use the FragmentManager to add or replace fragments within an activity.

Example: Creating a Basic Fragment

public class ExampleFragment extends Fragment {

    @Override
    public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        return inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_example, container, false);
    }
}

fragment_example.xml:

<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:orientation="vertical">
    
    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/textView"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="Hello from Fragment!" />
</LinearLayout>

5. Creating a Fragment Class

The fragment class controls the behavior of the fragment. In addition to inflating the fragment’s layout, it can handle user interactions, manage background tasks, and interact with other fragments or the parent activity.

Example:

public class ExampleFragment extends Fragment {
    private TextView textView;

    @Override
    public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        View rootView = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_example, container, false);
        textView = rootView.findViewById(R.id.textView);
        return rootView;
    }

    @Override
    public void onResume() {
        super.onResume();
        textView.setText("Fragment is Active!");
    }
}

6. Wiring Widgets in Fragment

Just like in an activity, you can interact with UI elements in a fragment. Use findViewById() to get references to widgets defined in the fragment’s layout.

Example: Wiring Widgets in Fragment

@Override
public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    View rootView = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_example, container, false);
    Button button = rootView.findViewById(R.id.button);
    button.setOnClickListener(v -> Toast.makeText(getActivity(), "Button Clicked!", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show());
    return rootView;
}

7. Fragment Manager

The FragmentManager is responsible for managing fragments, including adding, removing, and replacing them within an activity. It also handles fragment transactions.

Common FragmentManager Operations:

beginTransaction(): Starts a transaction to add, replace, or remove fragments.
add(): Adds a fragment to the activity’s UI.
replace(): Replaces one fragment with another.
remove(): Removes a fragment.
commit(): Commits the transaction and applies the changes.

Example: Adding a Fragment Dynamically

FragmentManager fragmentManager = getFragmentManager();
FragmentTransaction transaction = fragmentManager.beginTransaction();
ExampleFragment fragment = new ExampleFragment();
transaction.replace(R.id.fragment_container, fragment);
transaction.addToBackStack(null); // Optional: Add to back stack for navigation
transaction.commit();

8. Difference Between Activity and Fragment

Activity:
- Represents a single screen with a user interface.
- Handles user interaction and UI.
- Has its own lifecycle.
- Can exist independently.
Fragment:
- Represents a modular section of an activity.
- Cannot exist independently (always hosted within an activity).
- Has a lifecycle that is tied to the parent activity.
- Allows for more flexible and reusable UI components.

9. Menus in Android

Menus in Android provide users with a consistent way to interact with an app. There are two types of menus in Android: Options Menu and Context Menu.

Types of Menus:

Options Menu: The primary menu for an activity, shown when the user presses the Menu button or the overflow menu icon.
Context Menu: A floating menu that appears when the user performs a long press on a UI element.

Implementing Menus in Android:

Override onCreateOptionsMenu(): This method is used to inflate the options menu.
Override onOptionsItemSelected(): Handles item selection from the options menu.

Example:

@Override
public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
    getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.main_menu, menu);
    return true;
}

@Override
public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {
    switch (item.getItemId()) {
        case R.id.menu_item1:
            // Handle item 1 action
            return true;
        case R.id.menu_item2:
            // Handle item 2 action
            return true;
        default:
            return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item);
    }
}

main_menu.xml:

<menu xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
    <item android:id="@+id/menu_item1"
        android:title="Item 1"/>
    <item android:id="@+id/menu_item2"
        android:title="Item 2"/>
</menu>

10. Dialogs in Android

Dialogs are small pop-up windows that allow users to interact with an application without leaving the current activity. They are typically used for alerts, confirmations, or providing additional information.

Types of Dialogs:

AlertDialog: A simple dialog that can display a message and provide buttons for user actions.
ProgressDialog: A dialog used to show a progress bar while a task is running.
Custom Dialog: A user-defined dialog that can display custom views or content.

Creating a Dialog Fragment:

A DialogFragment is used to display a dialog in a fragment. It is preferred over using a standard dialog because it allows better management of the dialog’s lifecycle.

public class MyDialogFragment extends DialogFragment {
    @Override
    public Dialog onCreateDialog(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        AlertDialog.Builder builder = new AlertDialog.Builder(getActivity());

    builder.setMessage("Are you sure?")
            .setPositiveButton("Yes", (dialog, id) -> {
                // Handle "Yes" action
            })
            .setNegativeButton("No", (dialog, id) -> {
                // Handle "No" action
            });
    return builder.create();
}

}


#### **Setting Dialog Content**:
Dialogs can be customized by setting their content. For example, you can create a dialog with a list or a custom layout.

```java
AlertDialog.Builder builder = new AlertDialog.Builder(getActivity());
builder.setItems(new String[] {"Option 1", "Option 2"}, (dialog, which) -> {
    // Handle item selection
});
builder.show();

Conclusion

In this unit, we have covered the fundamental components required to create flexible, dynamic, and user-interactive Android applications. By understanding fragments, their lifecycle, and how to manage fragments with the FragmentManager, you can design modular UIs that adjust to different screen sizes. Furthermore, menus and dialogs provide additional layers of interactivity and user feedback, enhancing the overall user experience of your application. This knowledge is essential for developing robust Android applications that make use of multiple views, interactive menus, and dialogs.

Unit -6 Listview, Gridview and Recyclerview [6 HRS]

Unit 6: ListView, GridView, and RecyclerView (6 HRS)

This unit focuses on the implementation of three important components for displaying large sets of data in an Android application: ListView, GridView, and RecyclerView. Each of these views allows developers to efficiently display and interact with dynamic content in various formats.

1. ListView in Android

Introduction to ListView:

ListView is a user interface component that allows developers to display a vertically scrolling list of items.
It is used when you have a set of data that you want to present in a single column, such as a list of contacts, emails, or messages.
The ListView can display any type of data by connecting it to a data adapter that binds the data to individual views within the list.

Features of ListView:

Scrollability: ListView automatically provides vertical scrolling for a large number of items.
Efficient Item Recycling: Only visible items are drawn on the screen at any time, improving performance.
Multiple View Types: ListView allows you to create different types of list items (e.g., text, images, buttons) by using custom adapters.

Implementing ListView in an Application:

To implement a ListView in an Android application, follow these steps:

Define the Layout XML: You can place the ListView in the layout file where you want to display the list.

<ListView
    android:id="@+id/listView"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent" />

Create an Adapter: You need an adapter to connect the data (e.g., an array or a list) to the ListView. The adapter provides the data and inflates the individual list items.

Example: Using a ArrayAdapter for a simple list of strings.

ListView listView = findViewById(R.id.listView);
String[] data = {"Item 1", "Item 2", "Item 3", "Item 4"};

ArrayAdapter<String> adapter = new ArrayAdapter<>(this, android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1, data);
listView.setAdapter(adapter);

Set an Item Click Listener: You can respond to user interaction with the list items by setting an OnItemClickListener.

listView.setOnItemClickListener((parent, view, position, id) -> {
    Toast.makeText(this, "Clicked Item: " + data[position], Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
});

2. GridView in Android

Introduction to GridView:

GridView is similar to ListView, but it arranges items in a two-dimensional grid format (rows and columns).
It is ideal for displaying data that has both horizontal and vertical attributes, such as images or icons in a gallery.

Features of GridView:

Grid Layout: Items are arranged in a grid of rows and columns.
Item Spacing: GridView allows customization of the spacing between items using attributes like horizontalSpacing and verticalSpacing.
Efficiency: Like ListView, GridView also recycles views that are off-screen to improve performance.

Implementing GridView in an Application:

Define the Layout XML: Place a GridView in your layout XML file:

<GridView
    android:id="@+id/gridView"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:numColumns="auto_fit"
    android:columnWidth="100dp"
    android:horizontalSpacing="10dp"
    android:verticalSpacing="10dp" />

Create an Adapter: Create a custom adapter that populates the GridView with data. A BaseAdapter can be used for this purpose.

Example: Using a BaseAdapter to display images.

GridView gridView = findViewById(R.id.gridView);
int[] imageIds = {R.drawable.image1, R.drawable.image2, R.drawable.image3};

BaseAdapter adapter = new BaseAdapter() {
    @Override
    public int getCount() {
        return imageIds.length;
    }

    @Override
    public Object getItem(int position) {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public long getItemId(int position) {
        return 0;
    }

    @Override
    public View getView(int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) {
        ImageView imageView = new ImageView(getApplicationContext());
        imageView.setImageResource(imageIds[position]);
        imageView.setLayoutParams(new GridView.LayoutParams(200, 200));
        return imageView;
    }
};

gridView.setAdapter(adapter);

Set an Item Click Listener: You can respond to item clicks using OnItemClickListener.

gridView.setOnItemClickListener((parent, view, position, id) -> {
    Toast.makeText(this, "Item Clicked: " + position, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
});

3. RecyclerView in Android

Introduction to RecyclerView:

RecyclerView is a more flexible and powerful version of ListView and GridView.
Unlike ListView, RecyclerView can handle both vertical and horizontal scrolling lists and grids. It is designed to provide better performance and a more flexible way of displaying lists of items.
RecyclerView requires a LayoutManager to arrange items and a ViewHolder pattern for efficient view recycling.

Features of RecyclerView:

Efficient View Recycling: RecyclerView is more efficient than ListView due to its enhanced view recycling mechanism, making it better suited for large datasets.
Flexibility: Supports both vertical and horizontal scrolling and can be used for different layouts like linear lists, grids, and staggered grids.
Support for Animations: Provides built-in support for item animations (e.g., when items are added, removed, or changed).
Multiple View Types: RecyclerView allows you to create lists with different types of view items.

Implementing RecyclerView in an Application:

Define the Layout XML: Place a RecyclerView in the layout XML:

<androidx.recyclerview.widget.RecyclerView
    android:id="@+id/recyclerView"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent" />

Create a Data Model: Define the data model that you want to display in the RecyclerView.

public class Item {
    String title;
    int imageResource;

    public Item(String title, int imageResource) {
        this.title = title;
        this.imageResource = imageResource;
    }
}

Create a RecyclerView Adapter: The adapter binds the data to the RecyclerView. You need to create a custom adapter by extending RecyclerView.Adapter.

public class MyAdapter extends RecyclerView.Adapter<MyAdapter.MyViewHolder> {
    private List<Item> itemList;

    public MyAdapter(List<Item> itemList) {
        this.itemList = itemList;
    }

    @Override
    public MyViewHolder onCreateViewHolder(ViewGroup parent, int viewType) {
        View view = LayoutInflater.from(parent.getContext()).inflate(R.layout.item_layout, parent, false);
        return new MyViewHolder(view);
    }

    @Override
    public void onBindViewHolder(MyViewHolder holder, int position) {
        Item item = itemList.get(position);
        holder.titleTextView.setText(item.title);
        holder.imageView.setImageResource(item.imageResource);
    }

    @Override
    public int getItemCount() {
        return itemList.size();
    }

    public static class MyViewHolder extends RecyclerView.ViewHolder {
        TextView titleTextView;
        ImageView imageView;

        public MyViewHolder(View itemView) {
            super(itemView);
            titleTextView = itemView.findViewById(R.id.titleTextView);
            imageView = itemView.findViewById(R.id.imageView);
        }
    }
}

Set a LayoutManager: A LayoutManager is responsible for positioning the items in the RecyclerView. It can be set to LinearLayoutManager, GridLayoutManager, or StaggeredGridLayoutManager based on the layout you want.

Example:
```
RecyclerView recyclerView = findViewById(R.id.recyclerView);
recyclerView.setLayoutManager(new LinearLayoutManager(this)); // For vertical list
recyclerView.setAdapter(new MyAdapter(itemList));
```

Item Click Listener: To handle item clicks in RecyclerView, you can set an OnClickListener in the onBindViewHolder() method.

holder.itemView.setOnClickListener(v -> {
    Toast.makeText(context, "Clicked on: " + item.title, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
});

Conclusion

In this unit, we have explored three powerful components for displaying data in Android: ListView, GridView, and RecyclerView. Each component serves a unique purpose:

ListView is great for simple vertical lists of items.
**GridView

** is ideal for displaying items in a grid layout.

RecyclerView is the most flexible and efficient option, capable of handling both lists and grids with enhanced features such as view recycling, multiple layout types, and item animations.

By understanding how to use these components effectively, you can create dynamic and efficient user interfaces that can handle large datasets in your Android applications.

Unit -7 Advanced Android Concepts [10 HRS]

Unit 7: Advanced Android Concepts (10 HRS)

This unit focuses on advanced Android concepts such as working with local databases (SQLite), connecting to APIs, handling JSON data, using Google Maps in Android applications, and publishing applications to the Google Play Store. Mastering these concepts will allow you to create robust, feature-rich Android applications that can interact with remote servers, store data locally, and be published for a global audience.

1. Local Database with SQLite

Introduction to SQLite:

SQLite is a lightweight, embedded relational database management system (RDBMS) used for storing structured data in Android applications. SQLite provides a simple way to persist data in the form of tables, rows, and columns, without the need for a dedicated database server.

SQLite is fully integrated into Android, making it an ideal choice for applications that need to store data locally on the device.

Establishing Connection with SQLite:

To work with SQLite in Android, we use the SQLiteDatabase class to open, create, and manage databases. You also need to use SQLiteOpenHelper to manage database creation and version management.

Steps to establish a connection:

Create a Database Helper Class:

The SQLiteOpenHelper class is used to manage database creation and version management. It provides methods such as onCreate() (for creating tables) and onUpgrade() (for managing database version changes).

Example:

public class DBHelper extends SQLiteOpenHelper {
    private static final String DATABASE_NAME = "myDatabase";
    private static final int DATABASE_VERSION = 1;

    public DBHelper(Context context) {
        super(context, DATABASE_NAME, null, DATABASE_VERSION);
    }

    @Override
    public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) {
        String CREATE_TABLE = "CREATE TABLE users (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT, age INTEGER)";
        db.execSQL(CREATE_TABLE);
    }

    @Override
    public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion, int newVersion) {
        db.execSQL("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS users");
        onCreate(db);
    }
}

Opening and Accessing the Database: Use getWritableDatabase() or getReadableDatabase() to open the database in read/write or read-only mode, respectively.

Example:
```
DBHelper dbHelper = new DBHelper(context);
SQLiteDatabase db = dbHelper.getWritableDatabase();
```

Creating Database and Tables:

Once the database connection is established, you can create tables to store data. In the onCreate() method of SQLiteOpenHelper, use SQL commands to create tables.

Example: Creating a users table:

CREATE TABLE users (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT, age INTEGER);

Data Manipulation (CRUD Operations):

You can perform CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations on SQLite databases.

Insert Data:

ContentValues values = new ContentValues();
values.put("name", "John Doe");
values.put("age", 30);
long id = db.insert("users", null, values);

Query Data:

Cursor cursor = db.query("users", new String[] {"id", "name", "age"}, null, null, null, null, null);
while (cursor.moveToNext()) {
    int id = cursor.getInt(cursor.getColumnIndex("id"));
    String name = cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex("name"));
    int age = cursor.getInt(cursor.getColumnIndex("age"));
}
cursor.close();

Update Data:

ContentValues values = new ContentValues();
values.put("age", 31);
db.update("users", values, "id = ?", new String[] {String.valueOf(userId)});

Delete Data:

db.delete("users", "id = ?", new String[] {String.valueOf(userId)});

2. Introduction to APIs

What is an API?

An API (Application Programming Interface) allows different software components to communicate with each other. In the context of Android, APIs enable your app to interact with external services such as remote databases, third-party platforms, and other online services.

API Types:

REST API: RESTful APIs use HTTP requests to retrieve or modify resources on a server. They typically return data in JSON format.
SOAP API: SOAP APIs use XML as the message format and require more strict protocols compared to REST.
GraphQL API: A newer type of API that allows clients to specify the data they need, making it more efficient.

3. Introduction to JSON

What is JSON?

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data interchange format that is easy to read and write for humans and machines. JSON is commonly used in API responses to send data from servers to clients.

Working with JSON in Android:

Parsing JSON: Android provides several ways to parse JSON, including the JSONObject and JSONArray classes.

Example:

String jsonString = "{\"name\":\"John\", \"age\":30}";
JSONObject jsonObject = new JSONObject(jsonString);
String name = jsonObject.getString("name");
int age = jsonObject.getInt("age");

Converting Objects to JSON: Use Gson or Jackson libraries to convert Java objects into JSON format for sending to servers.

Example with Gson:
```
Gson gson = new Gson();
User user = new User("John", 30);
String json = gson.toJson(user);
```

4. Retrieving Contents from a Remote Server

Making HTTP Requests:

You can retrieve data from a remote server using HTTP requests, typically via the HttpURLConnection or third-party libraries like Retrofit or Volley.

Example using HttpURLConnection:

URL url = new URL("https://api.example.com/data");
HttpURLConnection urlConnection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
urlConnection.setRequestMethod("GET");
urlConnection.connect();

InputStream in = new BufferedInputStream(urlConnection.getInputStream());
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in));
StringBuilder response = new StringBuilder();
String line;
while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
    response.append(line);
}
reader.close();
String jsonResponse = response.toString();

Example using Retrofit (recommended for ease of use):

public interface ApiService {
    @GET("data")
    Call<List<Data>> getData();
}

Retrofit retrofit = new Retrofit.Builder()
    .baseUrl("https://api.example.com/")
    .addConverterFactory(GsonConverterFactory.create())
    .build();

ApiService apiService = retrofit.create(ApiService.class);
Call<List<Data>> call = apiService.getData();
call.enqueue(new Callback<List<Data>>() {
    @Override
    public void onResponse(Call<List<Data>> call, Response<List<Data>> response) {
        // Handle successful response
    }

    @Override
    public void onFailure(Call<List<Data>> call, Throwable t) {
        // Handle failure
    }
});

5. Sending Contents to a Remote Server

POST Request:

To send data to a remote server (e.g., submitting a form or uploading data), you typically use a POST request.

Example using HttpURLConnection:

URL url = new URL("https://api.example.com/submit");
HttpURLConnection urlConnection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
urlConnection.setRequestMethod("POST");
urlConnection.setDoOutput(true);

OutputStream os = urlConnection.getOutputStream();
BufferedWriter writer = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(os, "UTF-8"));
writer.write("name=John&age=30");
writer.flush();
writer.close();

urlConnection.connect();

Example using Retrofit:

public interface ApiService {
    @POST("submit")
    Call<ResponseBody> submitData(@Body Data data);
}

Data data = new Data("John", 30);
Call<ResponseBody> call = apiService.submitData(data);
call.enqueue(new Callback<ResponseBody>() {
    @Override
    public void onResponse(Call<ResponseBody> call, Response<ResponseBody> response) {
        // Handle successful response
    }

    @Override
    public void onFailure(Call<ResponseBody> call, Throwable t) {
        // Handle failure
    }
});

6. Implementing Google Maps in Android Application

Steps to Implement Google Maps:

Set up Google Maps API:
- Sign up for the Google Cloud Console, create a project, and enable the Google Maps SDK for Android.
- Get your API key and add it to your AndroidManifest.xml file.
```
<meta-data
    android:name="com.google.android.maps.v2.API_KEY"
    android:value="YOUR_API_KEY" />
```
Add Google Play Services to your Project:
- Ensure that google-play-services is added to your project dependencies in the build.gradle file.
```
implementation 'com.google.android.gms:play-services-maps:17.0.0'
```
Create a MapFragment or SupportMapFragment:
- Use SupportMapFragment in your activity layout to display the map.
```
<
```

fragment android:id="@+id/map" android:name="com.google.android.gms.maps.SupportMapFragment" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="match_parent" />


4. **Initialize the Map**:
- In your activity, get a reference to the map fragment and set up the map when it's ready.

```java
SupportMapFragment mapFragment = (SupportMapFragment) getSupportFragmentManager().findFragmentById(R.id.map);
mapFragment.getMapAsync(this);

Add Markers and Handle Events:

You can add markers, move the camera, and handle map events like tapping on markers.

GoogleMap map = googleMap;
map.addMarker(new MarkerOptions().position(new LatLng(37.7749, -122.4194)).title("San Francisco"));
map.moveCamera(CameraUpdateFactory.newLatLngZoom(new LatLng(37.7749, -122.4194), 10));

7. Procedure for Publishing Application on Google Play Store

Steps to Publish on Google Play:

Prepare the App:
- Ensure that your app is fully tested and debugged. Remove any sensitive data and make sure that the app adheres to Google’s policies.
- Create a signed APK or AAB (Android App Bundle).
Create a Developer Account:
- Sign up for a Google Play Developer account at Google Play Console.
Upload the APK/AAB:
- Log into the Google Play Console, create a new app, and upload your APK/AAB.
Fill in App Details:
- Add your app's title, description, screenshots, icon, and other details such as age rating, category, and pricing.
Set Pricing and Distribution:
- Choose whether your app is free or paid and select the countries where your app will be available.
Submit for Review:
- After uploading all necessary information, click Publish. Google will review your app and it will become available on the Play Store once it’s approved.

By mastering these advanced Android concepts, you’ll be able to develop complex Android applications that can store and retrieve data from remote servers, interact with various APIs, use location-based services like Google Maps, and ultimately distribute your app on the Google Play Store.

Unit -8 Introduction to ios Programming [18 HRS]

Unit 8: Introduction to iOS Programming (18 HRS)

This unit covers the foundational aspects of iOS programming, introducing you to the iOS platform, Swift programming language, development environment setup, creating Xcode projects, and building simple applications. You'll learn how to design user interfaces, make connections between components, and understand the key concepts such as views, view hierarchy, and storyboard. By the end of this unit, you’ll be able to build a simple iOS application, configure UI components, and use the essential tools required for iOS development.

1. Introduction to iOS and iOS Programming

What is iOS?

iOS is Apple's mobile operating system that powers devices such as iPhones, iPads, and iPods. It is known for its user-friendly design, high performance, and security features. iOS programming refers to the process of creating applications (apps) for the iOS platform using programming languages like Swift and Objective-C.

Key Features of iOS:

Closed Ecosystem: iOS apps run only on Apple devices.
App Store: The iOS ecosystem has a robust app distribution platform (App Store).
App Design: Known for its polished, consistent design principles (Human Interface Guidelines).
Security: iOS apps are sand-boxed and are designed to maintain privacy and security.

iOS Programming Overview:

To develop iOS applications, Apple provides Xcode, a powerful integrated development environment (IDE) that supports iOS app development. iOS programming uses the Swift programming language (or Objective-C), with a rich set of frameworks and tools provided by Apple.

2. iOS Platform and Environment Setup

iOS Development Environment:

To start developing for iOS, you need to set up the development environment:

macOS: iOS development requires macOS since Xcode is only available for this operating system.
Xcode: The IDE for iOS development. Xcode provides everything you need to build, test, and deploy iOS applications.
- Download Xcode: Available for free on the Mac App Store.
- Install Xcode: Once downloaded, install it and open Xcode.
Apple Developer Account: You will need an Apple Developer account to test on real devices and publish apps to the App Store. You can sign up for a free account or a paid account for distribution on the App Store.

3. Creating an Xcode Project

Steps to Create an Xcode Project:

Open Xcode and select “Create a new Xcode project”.
Choose a Template: Xcode offers multiple templates for different types of apps, including Single View App, Master-Detail App, and Tab Bar App. For simplicity, select “Single View App”.
Configure Project:
- Enter the project name (e.g., “MyFirstApp”).
- Select the appropriate team (your Apple Developer account).
- Choose Swift as the programming language and Storyboard as the user interface option.
Set the Device: Choose a target device (iPhone, iPad, or universal) for your app.

4. Building the Interface

Introduction to Views and the View Hierarchy:

In iOS, the view is the building block for designing your user interface. Each view in an app represents a rectangular area on the screen and is responsible for rendering content and handling user interactions.

UIView: The base class for most visual elements in iOS.
View Hierarchy: Views are organized in a hierarchical structure, with parent-child relationships. For instance, a parent view might contain multiple child views.

Common Views in iOS:

UILabel: Displays static text.
UIButton: Allows user interaction through taps.
UIImageView: Displays images.
UITextField: Accepts user input text.
UITableView: Displays a scrollable list of items.
UIScrollView: Allows scrolling of content.

Creating the User Interface with Storyboard:

Storyboard is a visual tool in Xcode that helps you design the layout of your app. It represents the various views of the app and the connections between them.
You can drag and drop UI elements from the Object Library (like buttons, labels, text fields, etc.) to the storyboard canvas to create the user interface.
You can also define segues (transitions between different screens) and set up the view controllers.

5. Making Connections

IBOutlets and IBActions:

Once the user interface is created using storyboard, you need to connect the visual elements to the code to make them interactive.

IBOutlets: Outlets are references to UI elements in your code. These allow you to manipulate the views from the code. Example:
```
@IBOutlet weak var myLabel: UILabel!
```
IBActions: Actions define the behavior of your app. They are linked to UI elements, such as buttons, and are triggered by user actions like taps. Example:
```
@IBAction func buttonTapped(_ sender: UIButton) {
    myLabel.text = "Hello, iOS!"
}
```

Connecting UI Elements to Code:

Open the Assistant Editor in Xcode.
Control-drag from the UI element (e.g., a button) in the storyboard to your ViewController class.
Select either IBOutlet or IBAction, depending on whether you are creating an outlet or action.

6. Running the App on the Simulator

Running on the Simulator:

Simulator is a tool in Xcode that simulates various iOS devices on your Mac, allowing you to test and debug your app without a physical device.

Select the target device (e.g., iPhone 13) from the Xcode toolbar.
Click the Run button (the play button) in Xcode to build and run the app on the simulator.
The app will launch, and you can interact with it in the simulator just like on a real device.

Running on a Real Device:

If you want to run your app on a real device, connect your iPhone or iPad to your Mac and select the device from the Xcode toolbar.
You must have an Apple Developer account to deploy to a physical device.

7. Introduction to Swift Language

Swift Programming Language:

Swift is the modern, fast, and safe programming language developed by Apple for iOS, macOS, watchOS, and tvOS development. It was introduced in 2014 and has become the primary language for iOS development.

Swift Basics:

Variables and Constants: Swift uses the let keyword to declare constants and var for variables.
```
let name = "John"
var age = 25
```
Data Types: Swift has built-in types such as String, Int, Double, Bool, etc.
```
let height: Double = 5.9
var isStudent: Bool = true
```
Control Flow: Use if, else, switch, and for to control the flow of execution.
```
if age > 18 {
    print("Adult")
}
```
Functions: Swift allows you to define functions that can accept parameters and return values.
```
func greet(name: String) -> String {
    return "Hello, \(name)"
}
```

8. Views and View Controllers

View Controllers:

A ViewController manages a single screen of content in an iOS app. It is responsible for controlling the views and the interactions on that screen.

UIViewController: The base class for all view controllers.
View Controller Lifecycle: View controllers have a lifecycle that includes methods like viewDidLoad(), viewWillAppear(), viewDidAppear(), etc.

Example:

class ViewController: UIViewController {
    override func viewDidLoad() {
        super.viewDidLoad()
        // Code to set up the view
    }
}

Storyboards and View Controllers:

Storyboard files are used to manage the app’s UI and transitions between view controllers.
You can design multiple view controllers on the same storyboard and use Segues to navigate between them.

9. Creating a Simple iOS Application

Steps to Create a Simple iOS Application:

Create a New Project: Open Xcode and create a new Single View App project.
Design the Interface:
- Drag and drop UI elements (e.g., buttons, labels) onto the storyboard.
Connect the UI to Code:
- Use IBOutlets and IBActions to connect UI elements to your ViewController.
Add Logic:
- Add code to respond to user actions, such as button taps.
- Modify the UI dynamically based on user input or events.
Run the App:
- Test your app on the simulator or a real device to see it in action.

Example of a simple app:

UI: A button and a label.
Functionality: When the button is tapped, the label displays "Hello, iOS!".

@IBOutlet weak var label: UILabel

@IBAction func buttonTapped(_ sender: UIButton) { label.text = "Hello, iOS!" }

---

Syllabus

Course Title: Mobile Programming (3 Cr.)
Course Code: CACS351
Year/Semester: III/VI
Class Load: 6Hrs. /Week (Theory: 3Hrs, Practical 3Hrs.)

Course Description

This course provides the comprehensive knowledge related to Mobile programming, which encompasses integrated development environment, infrastructure, design, and development and testing of mobile applications, which communicate with databases to solve real word problems.

Objectives

The general objectives of this course is to develop mobile applications that solve real word problems with use of current mobile technology.

Unit -1
Introduction to Mobile and Mobile Programming [2 HRS]

Mobile Device (Features, Categories, History, Brands, Models and Platforms), Introduction to Mobile Programming.

Unit -2
Introduction to Android Programming [4 HRS]

Android Platform, History of Android, Environment Setup, Creating an android project, Laying out the user interface (The view hierarchy, widget attributes, creating string resources, previewing the layout), Creating a new class, Setting up the project, Running on the Emulator.

Unit -3
Designing the User Interface [5 HRS]

Android layout types (Linear, Relative, Table, Absolute, Constraint), Layout attributes, Android widgets (Textview, Edittext, Checkbox, Radiobutton, Spinner etc.) and its attributes, Event Handling, working with string, string array and colors, working with resources and drawable, adding icon to the project.

Unit -4
Android Activity [4 HRS]

The Activity life cycle, Creating multiple activities, Declaring activities in the manifest, Connecting activities with intents, Passing data between activities, Getting a result back from a child activity, Getting and setting data to/from the layout file.

Unit -5
UI Fragments, Menus and Dialogs [6 HRS]

The need for UI flexibility, Introduction to fragments, Lifecycle of fragment, Creating a UI fragment, Creating a fragment class, Wiring widgets in fragment, Introduction to fragment manager, Difference between Activity and Fragments.

Menus (Introduction, Types, Implementing menu in an application) Dialogs (Introduction, Creating a dialog fragment, Setting a dialog’s content)

Unit -6
Listview, Gridview and Recyclerview [6 HRS]

Listview (Introduction, Features, Implementing listview in an application)
Gridview (Introduction, Features, Implementing gridview in an application)
Recyclerview (Introduction, Features, Implementing recyclerview in an application)

Unit -7
Advanced Android Concepts [10 HRS]

Local database with SQLite (Establishing connection, creating database and tables, data manipulation), Introduction to API, API Types, Introduction to JSON, Retrieving contents from remote server, Sending contents to remote server, Implementing Google Maps in android application, Procedure for publishing application on Google Play Store.

Unit -8
Introduction to ios Programming [18 HRS]

Introduction to ios and los programming, ios platform, Environment setup, Creating an Xcode project, Building the interface, Making connections, Running on the simulator.

Introduction to Swift language, Views and the view hierarchy, Storyboard and view controllers, working with widgets and its attributes, Creating a simple ios application.

Laboratory Works

Laboratory works should be done covering all the topics listed above and a small project work should be carried out using the concept learnt in this course. Projects should be assigned on an individual basis.

Teaching Methods

The general teaching pedagogy includes class lectures, group discussions, case studies, guest lectures, research work, project work, assignments (theoretical and practical), and examinations (written and verbal), depending upon the nature of the topics. The teaching faculty will determine the choice of teaching pedagogy as per the need of the topics.

References

Bill Phillips, Chris Stewart, Brian Hardy, and Kristin Marsicano, Android Programming: The Big Nerd Ranch Guide, Big Nerd Ranch LLC, 2nd edition, 2015.
2. Christian Keur and Aaron Hillegass, iOS Programming: The Big Nerd Ranch Guide, 5th edition, 2015.
Brian Fling, Mobile Design and Development, O’Reilly Media, Inc., 2009.
Maximiliano Firtman, Programming the Mobile Web, O’Reilly Media, Inc., 2nd ed., 2013.

2021 Mobile Programming TU Old Question BCA

Group B

Attempt any SIX questions.

[6x5=30]

What are different mobile application development approaches? Explain in detail. [5]
Draw the hierarchical directory structure of an Android application. How can you use string and string array in Android? Explain. [2+3]
How to create AVD's? How to use spinner in Android? Explain with a suitable example. [2+3]
What are the uses of fragments? How do fragments differ from activities? [5]
Develop an Android application to display an alert dialog box. [5]
Develop an Android application to display 8 programming languages in a ListView. [5]
What do you mean by view hierarchy in iOS programming? Write a Swift function to calculate the factorial of any positive integer. [2+3]

Group C

Attempt any TWO questions.

[2×10 = 20]

Develop an Android application to display a list of students (student_name) in a ListView and display the student details (roll, name, and address) in a fragment when a ListView item is selected. [10]
Develop an Android application to demonstrate the retrieval of content from a remote server. [10]
How to generate a signed APK? Write a program to locate the user's current location (write only Java and manifest file). [3+7]

2021 Mobile Programming TU Old Question BCA Solutions

Group B: Attempt any SIX questions

1. What are different mobile application development approaches? Explain in detail.

Mobile Application Development Approaches:

Mobile application development approaches are strategies or methodologies used to design and develop mobile apps. The most common approaches include:

Native App Development:
- Definition: Native mobile apps are developed for a specific platform (iOS or Android) using the platform’s programming languages (Objective-C/Swift for iOS, Java/Kotlin for Android).
- Advantages:
  - High performance.
  - Direct access to device hardware (camera, sensors, etc.).
  - Ability to take full advantage of platform-specific features.
- Disadvantages:
  - Requires separate development for different platforms (iOS/Android).
  - Higher development cost and time.
Cross-Platform App Development:
- Definition: Cross-platform apps are developed using a single codebase, which works on multiple platforms (iOS and Android). Tools like Flutter, React Native, and Xamarin are commonly used.
- Advantages:
  - Single codebase for multiple platforms, reducing cost and time.
  - Easier maintenance.
- Disadvantages:
  - Slightly lower performance compared to native apps.
  - Limited access to platform-specific features.
Hybrid App Development:
- Definition: Hybrid apps are built using web technologies (HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and wrapped in a native container. Frameworks like Ionic, PhoneGap, and Apache Cordova are commonly used.
- Advantages:
  - Faster development as it uses web technologies.
  - A single codebase for multiple platforms.
- Disadvantages:
  - Performance issues for complex apps.
  - Limited access to native features.
Progressive Web Apps (PWAs):
- Definition: PWAs are web apps that behave like mobile apps. They are built using standard web technologies but provide offline capabilities, push notifications, and other native-like features.
- Advantages:
  - One codebase for all platforms (web and mobile).
  - Easier to update and maintain.
- Disadvantages:
  - Limited access to device hardware compared to native apps.
  - Not available on the App Store or Google Play Store.

2. Draw the hierarchical directory structure of an Android application. How can you use string and string array in Android? Explain.

Directory Structure of an Android Application:

MyAndroidApp/
│
├── app/                           # Main application module
│   ├── src/                       # Source code
│   │   ├── main/                  # Main directory for source code
│   │   │   ├── java/              # Java source code files
│   │   │   └── res/               # Resources
│   │   │       ├── layout/        # Layout XML files
│   │   │       ├── mipmap/        # App icons
│   │   │       ├── values/        # String, styles, colors
│   │   │       └── drawable/      # Image resources
│   │   └── test/                  # Test code files
│   └── build.gradle               # Project build configuration
│
└── gradle/                        # Gradle wrapper files

Using Strings and String Arrays in Android:

Strings:
- You can define string resources in the res/values/strings.xml file.
- Example of defining a string:
```
<string name="hello_world">Hello, World!</string>
```

String Arrays:

String arrays can also be defined in strings.xml.

Example:

<string-array name="languages">
    <item>Java</item>
    <item>Python</item>
    <item>C++</item>
</string-array>

Accessing strings in the Java code:

String greeting = getResources().getString(R.string.hello_world);
String[] languages = getResources().getStringArray(R.array.languages);

3. How to create AVD's? How to use spinner in Android? Explain with a suitable example.

Creating an AVD (Android Virtual Device):

Open Android Studio.
Go to Tools -> AVD Manager.
Click Create Virtual Device.
Choose a hardware profile (e.g., Pixel 3).
Select a system image (e.g., Google APIs, Android version).
Configure device settings (e.g., device orientation, RAM).
Click Finish to create the AVD.

Using Spinner in Android:

A Spinner is a UI element that allows the user to select an item from a dropdown menu.

XML Layout (activity_main.xml):

<Spinner
    android:id="@+id/spinner"
    android:layout_width="wrap_content"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content" />

Java Code (MainActivity.java):

Spinner spinner = findViewById(R.id.spinner);
ArrayAdapter<CharSequence> adapter = ArrayAdapter.createFromResource(this, 
    R.array.languages, android.R.layout.simple_spinner_item);
adapter.setDropDownViewResource(android.R.layout.simple_spinner_dropdown_item);
spinner.setAdapter(adapter);

String Array (strings.xml):

<string-array name="languages">
    <item>Java</item>
    <item>Python</item>
    <item>C++</item>
</string-array>

4. What are the uses of fragments? How do fragments differ from activities?

Uses of Fragments:

Modularity: Fragments allow developers to design flexible UI layouts. They can be reused in different activities.
Multiple Screens: Fragments help in managing different sections of a UI on devices like tablets by dividing the layout into smaller parts.
Lifecycle management: Fragments have their lifecycle, which is controlled by the host activity, allowing better management of resources.

Differences between Activities and Fragments:

Feature	Activity	Fragment
Definition	Represents a single screen in an app.	Represents a portion of a user interface.
Lifecycle	Independent lifecycle.	Lifecycle depends on the host activity.
UI Management	Manages the entire screen UI.	Manages only a part of the UI.
Reusability	Cannot be reused in other activities.	Can be reused across multiple activities.
Resource Consumption	Higher due to its independence.	Lower, as fragments share resources with activities.

5. Develop an Android application to display an alert dialog box.

Code to Display Alert Dialog in Android:

XML Layout (activity_main.xml):

<Button
    android:id="@+id/btnShowDialog"
    android:layout_width="wrap_content"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:text="Show Alert Dialog" />

Java Code (MainActivity.java):

Button btnShowDialog = findViewById(R.id.btnShowDialog);
btnShowDialog.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
    @Override
    public void onClick(View v) {
        AlertDialog.Builder builder = new AlertDialog.Builder(MainActivity.this);
        builder.setMessage("This is an Alert Dialog")
               .setTitle("Alert")
               .setPositiveButton("OK", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
                   public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int id) {
                       dialog.dismiss();
                   }
               });
        AlertDialog alert = builder.create();
        alert.show();
    }
});

6. Develop an Android application to display 8 programming languages in a ListView.

Code to Display ListView of 8 Programming Languages:

XML Layout (activity_main.xml):

<ListView
    android:id="@+id/listView"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent" />

Java Code (MainActivity.java):

ListView listView = findViewById(R.id.listView);
String[] languages = {"Java", "Python", "C", "C++", "JavaScript", "Ruby", "Swift", "PHP"};
ArrayAdapter<String> adapter = new ArrayAdapter<>(this, android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1, languages);
listView.setAdapter(adapter);

7. What do you mean by view hierarchy in iOS programming? Write a Swift function to calculate the factorial of any positive integer.

View Hierarchy in iOS:

In iOS, the view hierarchy refers to the structure in which the views are arranged in a tree-like structure. Each view can be the parent or child of another view. The root view is typically the UIViewController's main view, which contains subviews that may contain further subviews. The hierarchy helps manage the layout and interaction of views.

Swift Function to Calculate Factorial:

func factorial(of number: Int) -> Int

{ if number == 0 { return 1 } else { return number * factorial(of: number - 1) } }


---

### **Group C: Attempt any TWO questions**

---

#### **1. Develop an Android application to display a list of students (student_name) in a ListView and display the student details (roll, name, and address) in a fragment when a ListView item is selected.**

1. **XML Layout (activity_main.xml)**:
   ```xml
   <ListView android:id="@+id/studentListView" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="match_parent" />

Java Code (MainActivity.java):

ListView listView = findViewById(R.id.studentListView);
String[] students = {"John", "Jane", "Mark"};
ArrayAdapter<String> adapter = new ArrayAdapter<>(this, android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1, students);
listView.setAdapter(adapter);

listView.setOnItemClickListener(new AdapterView.OnItemClickListener() {
    @Override
    public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> parent, View view, int position, long id) {
        Fragment fragment = new StudentDetailsFragment();
        Bundle bundle = new Bundle();
        bundle.putString("studentName", students[position]);
        fragment.setArguments(bundle);
        getSupportFragmentManager().beginTransaction().replace(R.id.fragmentContainer, fragment).commit();
    }
});

Fragment Code (StudentDetailsFragment.java):

public class StudentDetailsFragment extends Fragment {
    @Override
    public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        View rootView = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_student_details, container, false);
        TextView studentName = rootView.findViewById(R.id.studentName);
        Bundle bundle = getArguments();
        studentName.setText(bundle.getString("studentName"));
        return rootView;
    }
}

2. Develop an Android application to demonstrate the retrieval of content from a remote server.

XML Layout (activity_main.xml):

<TextView android:id="@+id/contentTextView" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="wrap_content" />

Java Code (MainActivity.java):

TextView contentTextView = findViewById(R.id.contentTextView);
String url = "https://api.example.com/data";

new AsyncTask<Void, Void, String>() {
    @Override
    protected String doInBackground(Void... voids) {
        try {
            URL urlObj = new URL(url);
            HttpURLConnection urlConnection = (HttpURLConnection) urlObj.openConnection();
            BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(urlConnection.getInputStream()));
            StringBuilder response = new StringBuilder();
            String line;
            while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
                response.append(line);
            }
            return response.toString();
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
            return null;
        }
    }

    @Override
    protected void onPostExecute(String result) {
        if (result != null) {
            contentTextView.setText(result);
        }
    }
}.execute();

3. How to generate a signed APK? Write a program to locate the user's current location (write only Java and manifest file).

Generating a Signed APK:

Build the project in Android Studio.
Go to Build -> Generate Signed APK.
Select or create a new keystore.
Provide your keystore credentials and build the signed APK.

Java Code for Locating Current Location:

LocationManager locationManager = (LocationManager) getSystemService(Context.LOCATION_SERVICE);
LocationListener locationListener = new LocationListener() {
    @Override
    public void onLocationChanged(Location location) {
        double latitude = location.getLatitude();
        double longitude = location.getLongitude();
    }

    @Override
    public void onStatusChanged(String provider, int status, Bundle extras) {}
    @Override
    public void onProviderEnabled(String provider) {}
    @Override
    public void onProviderDisabled(String provider) {}
};

locationManager.requestLocationUpdates(LocationManager.GPS_PROVIDER, 0, 0, locationListener);

Manifest File (AndroidManifest.xml):

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION" />

Pages

Thursday, 16 January 2025

BCA TU sixth Semester Mobile Programming with compressive note, solutions, syllabus, past questions and solutions

Mobile Programming Concepts Quiz Sixth Semester

Unit -1 Introduction to Mobile and Mobile Programming [2 HRS]

Unit 1: Introduction to Mobile and Mobile Programming (2 HRS)

Overview

Mobile Devices: Features, Categories, History, Brands, Models, and Platforms

Features of Mobile Devices

Categories of Mobile Devices

History of Mobile Devices

Brands and Models of Mobile Devices

Mobile Platforms

Introduction to Mobile Programming

What is Mobile Programming?

Mobile Programming Tools and Languages

Mobile Programming Concepts

Conclusion

Unit -2 Introduction to Android Programming [4 HRS]

Unit 2: Introduction to Android Programming (4 HRS)

Overview

Android Platform

Key Features of Android Platform:

History of Android

Setting Up the Development Environment

Steps to Set Up the Android Development Environment:

Creating an Android Project

Laying Out the User Interface (UI)

The View Hierarchy:

Creating String Resources:

Previewing the Layout:

Creating a New Class

Steps to Create a New Class:

Running on the Emulator

Steps to Run on the Emulator:

Conclusion

Unit -3 Designing the User Interface [5 HRS]

Unit 3: Designing the User Interface (5 HRS)

Overview

Android Layout Types

Layout Attributes

Android Widgets

Event Handling

Working with Resources

Conclusion

Unit -4 Android Activity [4 HRS]

Unit 4: Android Activity (4 HRS)

Overview

1. Activity Lifecycle

Common Activity States:

Activity Lifecycle Diagram:

Example:

2. Creating Multiple Activities

Steps to Create an Activity:

Example:

Declare Activity in AndroidManifest.xml:

3. Declaring Activities in the Manifest

Syntax to Declare an Activity:

4. Connecting Activities with Intents

Explicit Intent Example:

Implicit Intent Example:

5. Passing Data Between Activities

Passing Data (Put Extra):

Retrieving Data (Get Extra):

6. Getting a Result Back from a Child Activity

Starting an Activity for Result:

Handling the Result:

Setting the Result in the Child Activity:

7. Getting and Setting Data to/from the Layout File

Example of Getting Data from the Layout:

Setting Data to the Layout:

Example:

Conclusion

Unit -5 UI Fragments, Menus and Dialogs [6 HRS]

Unit 5: UI Fragments, Menus, and Dialogs (6 HRS)

1. The Need for UI Flexibility

2. Introduction to Fragments

Key Benefits of Fragments:

3. Lifecycle of a Fragment

Fragment Lifecycle Methods: